C i.e. H+ Major difference between x-rays & light are wave length (A) & energyQ Electromagnetic radiation or photon waves are non paiculate (0-mass), non charged (0-charge) waves, that do not require a medium to travel (i.e. can travel in vaccum) and transfer energy from one location to another at the speed of light (c= 3x108 m/s). The major difference between various forms of photons/electromagnetic radiation lies in their wave length (X) and frequency (n), which accounts for their differences in energy carried. E n/A. So Xrays with shoer wave length in comparison to visible light carries 5000 times higher energies. Because for EM waves energy is propoional to frequency (n) and inversly propoional to wave length N. - EM radiation spectrum consists of photons with wave length, frequency and energy ranges over 10 orders of magnitude (the range is really infinite). From low energy to high energy these are Radar waves, Microwaves, Infra-red, Light (visible photons), Ultraviolet, X rays and Gamma rays. (Mn- "Reliance MILL Xtra Grand"). - When a photon beam falls, it can exit (transmitted electrons) or interact with matter (attenuation). With increasing amount of photon energy 5 possible interactions are possible, which are coherent scattering (very low energy electrons;1.022 to > 10 MeV), and photodisintegration (very high energy; > 8-10 MeV) - Maximum compton scattering occurs with hydrogenQ b/o highest electron density. In photoelectric effect, the most tightly bound-inner most electron completely absorbs all energy of falling low energy photonQ, so much so that the photon is completely absorbed and no longer exists and inner orbital electron (now called photoelectron) is ejected. The interaction can occur with other orbital electrons but the most probable interaction is with inner most shell electron. The vacency created in inner shell is filled by an electron from outer orbit with simultraneous emission of X-ray or Auger electron. In Compton Scattering incident higher energy photon transfers only a pa of its energy to a loosely bound outer shell electronQ. and is deflected or scattered off in a new direction with lower energy. The outer shell electron (now called compton/recoil electron) is ejected with no production of X-ray or Auger electron. Charged heavy paicles (such as protons and a-paicles) have a finite range and experience a rapid increase in energy loss near the end of their track (range/path), dumping most of their remaining energies quickly and producing an ionization curve with a peak near end (K/ a Bragg peak). - When a light mass-charged paicle (such as electron or 8-paicle) with high energy passes close to the nucleus's positive electrical field, it is deflected & decelerated by electro static attractions and loses energy in form of X-ray photons called bremsstrahlung or braking radiation. So Bragg peak is produced by charged heavy paicles mainly, whereas Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced by charged light paiclesQ. - Collisional energy losses (& heat production) dominate at lower energyies, whereas radiative losses dominate at higher energies (Vt more efficient X-ray production)Q. Because of dependency on atomic number (Z2) and 1/velocity2; collisional energy losses increases as atomic number increases and paicle velocity decreases. So electrons are stopped sooner in low Z than high Z materialsQ.