**Question:** Disputed maternity can be solved by using the following tests except:

A. Amniotic fluid test
B. Genetic test
C. Polygraph test
D. Radioactive isotopes test

**Core Concept:**

Disputed maternity refers to situations in which the paternity of a child is in question. In such cases, various tests can be performed to establish the parentage of the child. These tests aim to analyze biological samples, such as blood, urine, or semen, to find genetic markers that can help determine the parentage.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**

The correct answer, D. Radioactive isotopes test, is not a suitable test for resolving disputed maternity cases. Radioactive isotopes test is more commonly used in the field of nuclear physics, radiation therapy, and radiography. It does not provide any useful information about the genetic relationship between the potential parents and the child.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

A. Amniotic fluid test (option A) is a valuable test in maternity cases as it can provide genetic information about the mother and the fetus. It can be used to determine the presence of specific genetic markers that can support the maternity claim.

B. Genetic test (option B) is a suitable test for determining paternity. Genetic tests analyze the DNA of potential parents and the child to identify genetic markers that are unique to each individual. By comparing these markers, the genetic relationship between them can be established.

C. Polygraph test (option C) is not a reliable method for resolving disputed maternity cases. A polygraph test measures physiological responses, such as heart rate and blood pressure, which are not directly linked to genetic relationships. These tests are more relevant for detecting deception or والكذب (alibi) in criminal investigations.

**Clinical Pearls:**

1. In maternity disputes, genetic tests, such as DNA testing, are the gold standard for establishing parentage.
2. Polygraph tests (option C) are not suitable for determining paternity, as they measure physiological responses unrelated to genetic relationships.
3. Radioactive isotopes test (option D) is not relevant for maternity cases and should be ruled out as a method for resolving disputed maternity.
4. Amniotic fluid test (option A) can provide valuable genetic information about the mother and the fetus, but it is not as widely used as DNA testing in maternity cases.

**Correct Answer:**

The correct answer is B. Genetic test. Genetic tests analyze the DNA of potential parents and the child, comparing the genetic markers to establish the genetic relationship between them. This test is considered reliable and can provide definitive proof of paternity or maternity.