**Question:** A 14 year old boy has difficulty in expressing himself in writing and making frequent spelling mistakes, does not follow instruction and cannot wait for his turn while playing a game. He is likely to be suffering from

A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
B. Dyslexia
C. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
D. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

**Correct Answer:** B. Dyslexia

**Core Concept:** Dyslexia is a learning disability characterized by difficulties with accurate and/or fluent word reading, even when other aspects of language are typical. It is one of the most common learning disabilities, affecting approximately 5-17% of the population.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** The correct answer, Dyslexia, aligns with the presented symptoms because it affects reading and spelling abilities, which is evident in the patient's frequent spelling mistakes. Additionally, dyslexia does not necessarily affect attention or social skills, unlike the other options.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) typically presents with symptoms like inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While the patient may display inattention, the focus on spelling issues and social skills argues against ADHD.

B. Cerebral palsy, a neuromuscular disorder, is unrelated to the described symptoms. Cerebral palsy affects motor control and coordination, not reading and social skills.

C. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. The patient's difficulties lie primarily in reading and social skills, making ASD an incorrect choice.

D. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a precursor to dementia and associated with cognitive decline. MCI does not explain the patient's specific reading and social skills issues.

**Clinical Pearl:** It is essential to differentiate between these conditions as they require different treatment strategies and support systems. A thorough assessment and collaboration with a speech therapist or educational psychologist are crucial in diagnosing and addressing dyslexia, while consulting a pediatrician or developmental pediatrician is necessary for ASD, ADHD, and MCI evaluations.