When NaC1 is injected in the internal carotid aery, it causes release of ADH by acting on :
First, I need to recall the pathways involved in ADH (antidiuretic hormone) release. ADH, also known as vasopressin, is released from the posterior pituitary gland. Its release is primarily stimulated by two main factors: increased plasma osmolarity detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus and decreased blood volume or pressure detected by baroreceptors.
When NaCl is injected into the internal carotid artery, it would increase the osmolarity of the blood in that region. The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the brain, including the hypothalamus. The osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus are sensitive to changes in osmolarity. If the osmolarity increases, these osmoreceptors trigger the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary to promote water reabsorption in the kidneys, thereby decreasing plasma osmolarity.
Another possible mechanism could involve baroreceptors, but since the question specifies NaCl injection, which affects osmolarity rather than blood pressure, the primary mechanism here is osmoreceptor activation.
Now, considering the options (even though they aren't listed), the correct answer should involve osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. The other options might include baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, or other structures. For instance, if an option mentions baroreceptors, that's incorrect because they respond to blood pressure, not osmolarity. Chemoreceptors detect chemical changes like CO2 or O2 levels, which isn't the case here. The carotid bodies have chemoreceptors, but they're not involved in ADH release via NaCl.
So, the correct answer is likely related to osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. The clinical pearl here is that ADH release is mainly driven by osmotic changes, not just volume changes. This is a classic exam point where students might confuse baroreceptor vs. osmoreceptor triggers.
**Core Concept**
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) release is primarily triggered by **hypothalamic osmoreceptors** detecting increased plasma osmolarity. The internal carotid artery supplies the hypothalamus, where osmoreceptors are located.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Injecting NaCl into the internal carotid artery raises local plasma osmolarity, stimulating **hypothalamic osmoreceptors**. These osmoreceptors signal the **supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei** to release ADH from the posterior pituitary. ADH increases renal water reabsorption via **aquaporin-2 channels** in collecting ducts, reducing plasma osmolarity.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** *Baroreceptors in the carotid sinus* detect blood pressure changes, not osmolarity.
**Option B:** *Carotid body chemoreceptors* sense O₂, CO₂, or pH changes, not sodium concentration.
**Option C:** *Juxtaglomerular cells* in the kidney regulate renin release, not ADH.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Y