Which of the following acts by inhibition of 30 S ribosome –
**Core Concept**
Tetracycline antibiotics work by binding to the 30S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting protein synthesis. This action is critical in preventing the growth and replication of susceptible bacteria.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Tetracycline molecules bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit, specifically to the 16S rRNA, which is responsible for decoding mRNA. This binding causes a conformational change in the ribosome, leading to a steric hindrance that prevents the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the acceptor site, thus inhibiting peptide bond formation. This mechanism of action is unique to tetracycline and other 30S ribosomal inhibitors.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option B:** Chloramphenicol acts by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, not the 30S subunit, and inhibits peptide bond formation by blocking the attachment of peptidyl-tRNA to the acceptor site.
**Option C:** Erythromycin, a macrolide antibiotic, also binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit, but its mechanism of action involves blocking the exit tunnel of the ribosome, preventing the release of completed polypeptide chains.
**Option D:** Penicillin, a beta-lactam antibiotic, works by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, not protein synthesis, by binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) and preventing the cross-linking of peptidoglycan layers in the bacterial cell wall.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Tetracycline antibiotics are broad-spectrum bacteriostatic agents that are effective against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but their use is often limited by their potential for inducing resistance and causing phototoxicity.
✓ Correct Answer: A. Tetracycline.