**Core Concept**
The question is testing the understanding of the immune response in tuberculosis (TB), a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The immune system plays a crucial role in controlling and eliminating the infection. In TB, the immune response involves both innate and adaptive immunity, with a key role played by specific immune cells and cytokines.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is **cell-mediated immunity**, specifically through the action of T lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T helper cells (Th1 cells). These cells recognize and respond to the M. tuberculosis antigens, activating macrophages to phagocytose and kill the bacteria. Th1 cells also produce cytokines such as IFN-γ, which enhances the killing activity of macrophages. This cell-mediated immune response is essential for controlling the growth of M. tuberculosis and preventing the spread of the infection.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** **Option A** is incorrect because humoral immunity, mediated by B lymphocytes and antibodies, plays a limited role in controlling M. tuberculosis infection. While antibodies can neutralize some bacterial toxins, they are not sufficient to eliminate the infection.

**Option B:** **Option B** is incorrect because the complement system, a part of the innate immune response, can help eliminate M. tuberculosis by promoting phagocytosis and membrane attack complex formation. However, it is not the primary mechanism of immunity in TB.

**Option C:** **Option C** is incorrect because neutrophils, although present in the lungs, are not the primary immune cells involved in the defense against M. tuberculosis.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
In TB, the immune response is characterized by a strong Th1 response, which is essential for controlling the infection. The Th1 response is often associated with the production of IFN-γ, which enhances the killing activity of macrophages.

**Correct Answer:** C. Cell-mediated immunity.