**Core Concept:**
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition characterized by an excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) from the parathyroid glands, leading to elevated calcium levels in the blood. The primary clinical manifestations include bone and kidney issues, but the radiologic findings can provide important diagnostic clues.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:**
In a patient with hyperparathyroidism, the characteristic radiologic changes on hand X-ray are primarily seen in **option C** - Marfanoid habitus. The diffuse soft tissue swelling and widened interosseous spaces result in an overall thinning and flattening of the bones, which is more prominent in long bones and carpal and tarsal bones. This is due to increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation caused by elevated PTH levels.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
**Option A** - Short stature is not a specific radiologic finding in hyperparathyroidism and can be seen in other conditions as well.
**Option B** - Periostitis refers to inflammation of the periosteum and can cause bone pain, but it is not a radiologic finding.
**Option D** - Calcification of soft tissues is not a typical radiologic finding in hyperparathyroidism.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact:**
Marfanoid habitus is a significant clue for diagnosing hyperparathyroidism, as it helps differentiate it from other conditions with similar radiologic findings like osteoporosis or primary hyperparathyroidism. However, other diagnostic tests like blood calcium, PTH, and kidney stones should be performed to confirm the diagnosis.