**Core Concept**
The management of hyperkalemia involves the use of medications that help counteract the effects of elevated potassium levels, either by reducing potassium levels, shifting potassium into cells, or removing excess potassium from the body. In this context, the goal is to identify a medication that is specifically used to treat hyperkalemia.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is a medication that acts by promoting the cellular uptake of potassium, thereby reducing serum potassium levels. **Calcium gluconate** is used to stabilize cardiac membranes and prevent cardiac arrhythmias associated with hyperkalemia, while **sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS)** works by exchanging potassium ions for sodium ions in the colon, increasing potassium excretion. However, the most direct approach to reducing serum potassium levels is through the use of **sodium bicarbonate**, which helps to drive potassium into cells by increasing intracellular pH and promoting cellular uptake of potassium. **Hemodialysis** is also used in severe cases of hyperkalemia, but it is not a medication.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** While **calcium gluconate** is used to manage hyperkalemia, it is primarily used to stabilize cardiac membranes and prevent arrhythmias, rather than directly reducing serum potassium levels.
* **Option B:** Although **sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS)** is used to treat hyperkalemia, it works by exchanging potassium ions for sodium ions in the colon, increasing potassium excretion, rather than directly promoting cellular uptake of potassium.
* **Option D:** **Hemodialysis** is a treatment for severe hyperkalemia, but it is not a medication.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When managing hyperkalemia, it is essential to consider the severity of the condition and the underlying cause, as well as the potential interactions between medications and the patient's renal function. **Sodium bicarbonate** can be particularly useful in patients with metabolic acidosis, as it helps to drive potassium into cells and reduce serum potassium levels.

**Correct Answer:** C.