**Core Concept**
Hyaline membrane disease, also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), is a condition primarily affecting premature infants due to a deficiency of surfactant in the lungs. Surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, facilitating gas exchange and preventing lung collapse. In the absence of sufficient surfactant, the lungs are prone to collapse, leading to respiratory distress.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The clinical sign of hyaline membrane disease typically first appears shortly after birth, around 1-6 hours post-delivery, as the infant begins to breathe. This is due to the immaturity of the lung surfactant system and the resulting atelectasis and hypoxia. The infant may exhibit signs of respiratory distress such as grunting, nasal flaring, and retractions, indicating the need for immediate medical intervention. The development of hyaline membrane disease is closely linked to the gestational age of the infant, with those born before 28 weeks being at highest risk.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect as the clinical sign of hyaline membrane disease does not typically first appear at birth, but rather shortly after.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect as the clinical sign of hyaline membrane disease is not primarily associated with the presence of meconium.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect as the clinical sign of hyaline membrane disease is not typically first seen in infants over 36 weeks gestation.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that the risk of hyaline membrane disease can be significantly reduced through the administration of antenatal corticosteroids to pregnant women at risk, which promotes fetal lung maturation and surfactant production.

**Correct Answer:** C.