Human milk has all except –
**Core Concept**
Human milk is a complex mixture of nutrients, hormones, and bioactive molecules that provide optimal nutrition for infants. It contains a balance of macronutrients, micronutrients, and immunoglobulins that support the growth and development of a newborn.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Human milk contains a wide range of bioactive molecules, including antibodies, growth factors, and cytokines that provide immune protection and promote the development of the infant's gut and brain. The bioactive molecules in human milk include lactoferrin, lysozyme, and secretory IgA, which help to protect against infections and promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because human milk does not contain significant amounts of casein, a protein found in cow's milk that can be difficult for infants to digest.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect because human milk does contain immunoglobulins, including IgA, IgG, and IgM, which provide immune protection to the infant.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect because human milk contains a variety of oligosaccharides, which are complex carbohydrates that promote the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and provide immune protection.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Human milk is not just a source of nutrition for infants, but also provides immune protection and promotes the development of the infant's gut and brain.
**Correct Answer: D. casein. Human milk does not contain significant amounts of casein.**