**Question:** Human development index (HDI) includes all except-

A. Life expectancy
B. Gross National Product (GNP)
C. Education Index
D. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

**Core Concept:** Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary index of a country's average achievements in three key areas: health (life expectancy), education (education index), and standard of living (GNP). It is used to rank countries based on their overall development level.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** The correct answer is D. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR). IMR is a measure of mortality among infants in a given population during the first year of life. While IMR is an important indicator of public health and developmental outcomes, it does not directly reflect the overall standard of living or educational achievements, which are assessed by the HDI.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

B. Gross National Product (GNP): GNP is a measure of a country's economic output and does not necessarily reflect the standard of living or development of the population. GNP alone cannot be considered as a suitable component of the HDI.

C. Education Index: Education Index is a component of HDI and reflects the overall educational achievements of a population. It is not considered in the options.

A. Life expectancy: Life expectancy is a crucial component of HDI and reflects the overall health outcomes of a population. However, it is not the only component, making option D correct.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact:** Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is an important indicator of public health and developmental outcomes, but it is not a component of HDI as it does not reflect the overall standard of living or educational achievements. The HDI considers a more comprehensive evaluation of a country's development level, including health, education, and standard of living.