**Core Concept**
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (c-AMP) is a secondary messenger molecule that plays a crucial role in cellular signaling pathways, particularly in hormone-mediated responses. Many hormones exert their effects by stimulating the production of c-AMP within target cells, which then triggers a cascade of downstream effects.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Growth hormone (GH) does not act through the c-AMP pathway. Instead, GH exerts its effects primarily through the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. GH binds to its receptor on the surface of target cells, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway, leading to the transcription of genes involved in cell growth, metabolism, and other physiological processes.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) acts through the c-AMP pathway by stimulating the production of c-AMP in granulosa cells of the ovary, leading to the promotion of follicular growth and steroidogenesis.
**Option B:** Progesterone does not directly act through the c-AMP pathway. However, it can influence the activity of the c-AMP pathway indirectly by modulating the expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis and cell growth.
**Option C:** Estrogens can stimulate the production of c-AMP in target cells, which then activates downstream signaling pathways involved in reproductive and sexual health.
**Option D:** (This is the correct answer, so it is skipped.)

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It is essential to remember that different hormones can exert their effects through various signaling pathways, and understanding these pathways is crucial for appreciating the complex mechanisms of hormone action in the body.

**✓ Correct Answer: D. GH. Growth hormone.**