**Core Concept**
Passive immunization against hepatitis B virus (HBV) is essential for newborns born to infected mothers to prevent perinatal transmission and subsequent chronic infection.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer involves administering hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) along with the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine to provide immediate and long-term protection against HBV. HBIG contains antibodies against HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), which neutralizes the virus, while the vaccine stimulates the production of HBsAg-specific antibodies in the infant. This combination is crucial for preventing HBV transmission from the infected mother.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** HBIG alone does not provide long-term protection against HBV, making it an inadequate choice for newborns born to infected mothers.
**Option B:** Hepatitis B vaccine alone may not provide immediate protection against HBV, as it takes several weeks for the vaccine to stimulate an adequate immune response.
**Option C:** Interferon-alpha is not the standard treatment for preventing HBV transmission in newborns and can have significant side effects.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Administering HBIG and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth is crucial for preventing HBV transmission from infected mothers.

**Correct Answer: C. Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) and hepatitis B vaccine.**