The following are the hallmarks of nephrotic syndrome in children except
**Question:** The following are the hallmarks of nephrotic syndrome in children except
A. Proteinuria (abnormal protein loss in urine)
B. Hypoalbuminemia (low serum albumin levels)
C. Edema (fluid accumulation)
D. Hyperlipidaemia (elevated blood lipids)
**Core Concept:** Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome characterized by severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidaemia. These four hallmarks are essential in diagnosing nephrotic syndrome.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** Nephrotic syndrome is a renal disorder that results from increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries, causing massive protein loss in urine (proteinuria). Hypoalbuminemia occurs due to the loss of albumin in urine, leading to decreased levels of albumin in the blood. Edema is a result of decreased protein concentration in the blood, causing fluid to accumulate in the body cavities. Hyperlipidaemia occurs due to the combination of hypoalbuminemia and increased lipoprotein synthesis in response to low plasma albumin levels.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**
A. Proteinuria is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome and is not considered an exception.
B. Hyperlipidaemia is a common feature of nephrotic syndrome.
C. Although edema is a common feature of nephrotic syndrome, it is not mentioned as an exception in the question.
D. Hyperlipidaemia is a common feature of nephrotic syndrome.
**Why each wrong option is incorrect:**
A. Proteinuria is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome and is not considered an exception.
B. Hyperlipidaemia is a common feature of nephrotic syndrome.
C. Although edema is a common feature of nephrotic syndrome, it is not mentioned as an exception in the question.
D. Hyperlipidaemia is a common feature of nephrotic syndrome.
**Clinical Pearl:**
Nephrotic syndrome is often associated with other complications, such as infections, electrolyte imbalances, and thrombosis. In addition, patients with nephrotic syndrome may suffer from fatigue, anorexia, and decreased exercise tolerance. Regular monitoring of electrolyte levels, blood pressure, and renal function is essential in managing nephrotic syndrome patients to prevent complications.