Following are the adverse effects of estrogens except
**Core Concept**
Estrogens are a class of sex hormones that play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of female reproductive tissues, as well as the regulation of various physiological processes. Adverse effects of estrogens can occur due to their potent binding to estrogen receptors, leading to alterations in gene expression and cellular behavior.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Estrogens can cause a range of adverse effects, primarily due to their influence on the reproductive and endocrine systems. One of the notable effects is thromboembolic events, which occur due to estrogen's ability to increase the production of clotting factors and enhance platelet aggregation. This is mediated through the activation of estrogen receptors in the liver, which upregulate the expression of clotting factor genes. Additionally, estrogens can cause endometrial hyperplasia and cancer due to their proliferative effects on the endometrium.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Estrogen can cause thromboembolic events, so this is incorrect.
* **Option B:** Estrogen is known to cause endometrial hyperplasia and cancer, making this option incorrect.
* **Option C:** Estrogen can cause fluid retention and breast tenderness, which are common adverse effects, so this option is incorrect.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Estrogens can also cause a decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, which can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
**Correct Answer:** D