In grand rapid survey (1945) of water fluoridation, which city was used as control?
The core concept here is the design of the Grand Rapids study. It was a controlled experiment comparing two cities. The key is knowing which city served as the control group. I remember that Grand Rapids was the city where fluoride was added, and the control was another city without fluoridation. The options might include cities like Muskegon or another Michigan city. Wait, I think the control city was Muskegon. Let me confirm that. Yes, in the original study, Muskegon was the control city.
Now, why is Muskegon the correct answer? Because the study compared Grand Rapids (intervention) with Muskegon (control) over 15 years. The main point is that Muskegon didn't have water fluoridation, so their dental caries rates could be compared to Grand Rapids'.
The incorrect options would be other cities not involved in the study. For example, if the options included cities like Evanston or another, those are not part of this study. The clinical pearl here is that this study is foundational in public health, showing the effectiveness of water fluoridation. Students should remember that Muskegon was the control to avoid confusion with other studies.
I need to structure the explanation with the required sections. Start with the core concept about the study design. Then explain why Muskegon is correct, mentioning the 15-year period and the comparison. For each wrong option, explain that they weren't part of the control group. The clinical pearl should highlight the importance of this study in establishing fluoridation's benefits.
**Core Concept**
The Grand Rapid survey (1945) was a landmark controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of water fluoridation in preventing dental caries. It compared two cities: one with fluoride addition (intervention) and one without (control), forming the basis of public health policy on water fluoridation.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Grand Rapids (MI) was the intervention city where fluoride was added to water at 1 ppm in 1945. **Muskegon (MI)** served as the control city, with no fluoridation. Over 15 years, children in Grand Rapids exhibited significantly lower caries rates than Muskegon, establishing fluoridation as a public health measure. The study’s design relied on geographic control groups due to ethical constraints of randomization.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** If "Evanston" were listed, it’s incorrect. Evanston (IL) was part of a later fluoridation study (1945–1955), not the original Grand Rapid trial.
**Option B:** If "Newburgh" were listed, it’s incorrect. Newburgh (NY) was an intervention city in a parallel 1945 fluoridation study, paired with Kingston (control), not Grand Rapid.
**Option C:** If "Kingston" were listed, it’s incorrect. Kingston (NY) served as