**Core Concept**
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a congenital disorder caused by prenatal alcohol exposure, leading to various physical, behavioral, and cognitive abnormalities in the offspring.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The exact mechanism of FAS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the disruption of fetal brain development, particularly the hippocampus and cerebellum. This disruption is thought to result from the teratogenic effects of ethanol on the developing fetus, including the inhibition of neural cell proliferation and differentiation. The resulting abnormalities can manifest as growth retardation, facial dysmorphia, and a range of cognitive and behavioral deficits.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because FAS is not primarily characterized by hearing loss, although some individuals may experience auditory deficits.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect because FAS is not typically associated with a specific genetic mutation or chromosomal abnormality.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect because while FAS may involve some degree of intellectual disability, it is not the defining feature of the syndrome.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that FAS is a preventable condition, and the key to diagnosis is a thorough maternal history of alcohol use during pregnancy. A high index of suspicion and timely evaluation can help identify affected individuals and provide appropriate support and interventions.

**Correct Answer: D. Growth retardation, facial dysmorphia, and cognitive and behavioral deficits.**