**Core Concept**
Chronic vomiting can lead to metabolic disturbances and electrolyte imbalances due to the loss of gastric contents, which can cause hypochloremic alkalosis. This condition is characterized by a decrease in chloride ions and an increase in bicarbonate ions in the blood, often resulting in metabolic alkalosis.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
In chronic vomiting, the stomach loses large amounts of hydrochloric acid, leading to a decrease in chloride ions in the blood. This loss of chloride ions triggers a compensatory response from the kidneys, which reabsorb more bicarbonate ions to maintain acid-base balance. The kidneys also increase the excretion of potassium ions, leading to hypokalemia. Furthermore, the loss of gastric contents can also lead to a decrease in gastric acid production, which can cause an increase in gastrin levels to stimulate acid production. However, gastrin also stimulates the secretion of histamine, leading to an increase in gastric mucosal blood flow and potentially causing gastric ulcers.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect as it does not describe a direct consequence of chronic vomiting. Hypocalcemia is not typically seen in chronic vomiting, as the body usually maintains calcium levels through various mechanisms.

**Option B:** This option is incorrect as it does not accurately describe the acid-base disturbance seen in chronic vomiting. Metabolic acidosis is typically seen in conditions that lead to an increase in acidic substances or a decrease in bicarbonate ions, whereas chronic vomiting leads to metabolic alkalosis.

**Option C:** This option is incorrect as it does not describe a direct consequence of chronic vomiting. While electrolyte imbalances can occur in chronic vomiting, the specific combination of hypokalemia and hypernatremia is not typically seen.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
A classic exam question trap is to confuse metabolic acidosis with metabolic alkalosis. Remember that metabolic acidosis is characterized by a decrease in bicarbonate ions, whereas metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an increase in bicarbonate ions.

**Correct Answer:** D.