**Core Concept**
Exudative pleural effusion is a type of pleural effusion characterized by the presence of high protein and low lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in pleural fluid, often resulting from inflammation or malignancy. It is distinct from transudative pleural effusion, which is typically caused by fluid overload or cardiac failure.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Exudative pleural effusion occurs due to increased permeability of the pleural capillaries, allowing proteins and other substances to leak into the pleural space. This can be seen in conditions such as pneumonia, malignancy, pulmonary embolism, or rheumatoid arthritis, where there is inflammation or tissue damage. The high protein levels in the pleural fluid are indicative of exudative effusion, as opposed to transudative effusion, which has low protein levels.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** is incorrect because it is not a common cause of exudative pleural effusion.
* **Option B:** is incorrect because it is more commonly associated with transudative pleural effusion.
* **Option C:** is incorrect because it is not a typical cause of exudative pleural effusion, although it can cause pleural effusion in some cases.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When evaluating a pleural effusion, it is essential to measure the protein and LDH levels in the pleural fluid to determine whether it is exudative or transudative. This helps in identifying the underlying cause and guiding further management.

**Correct Answer: C. Tuberculosis.**