Extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotics -a) Dystoniab) Akathisiac) Seizuresd) Diarrheae) Parkinsonism
**Core Concept**
Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) are a group of movement disorders that can occur as a result of antipsychotic medication, particularly those with high affinity for dopamine D2 receptors. EPS are caused by the blockage of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, leading to an imbalance in the normal functioning of the extrapyramidal motor system.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer, C. abe, includes dystonia, akathisia, and parkinsonism as the three primary types of EPS. Dystonia is a state of sustained muscle contractions, often causing twisting or repetitive movements. Akathisia is characterized by subjective feelings of restlessness and an urge to move, often accompanied by fidgeting or pacing. Parkinsonism, also known as parkinsonian syndrome, presents with symptoms similar to those of Parkinson's disease, including tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. These three conditions are all caused by the blockade of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, particularly in the striatum.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Seizures are not a type of extrapyramidal side effect, but rather a separate category of neurological disorders caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain.
**Option B:** Diarrhea is not a movement disorder and is not associated with EPS.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
EPS are more common in patients taking first-generation antipsychotics, which have higher affinity for dopamine D2 receptors, and can be managed with anticholinergic medications or the use of atypical antipsychotics.
**Correct Answer:**
✓ Correct Answer: C. abe