Which of the following extrapyramidal effect is seen on chronic use of antipsychotic ?
**Core Concept**
The question is testing the understanding of the extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) of antipsychotic medications. EPS are movement disorders caused by the blockade of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, particularly in the nigrostriatal pathway. Chronic use of antipsychotics can lead to a specific type of EPS that is not typically seen with acute use.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is related to the concept of "tardive dyskinesia" (TD), a type of EPS that occurs with long-term use of antipsychotics. TD is characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the face, trunk, and limbs, often involving the tongue, lips, and jaw. This condition is thought to result from the blockade of dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia, leading to an imbalance in the dopamine-serotonin system. The nigrostriatal pathway, which is responsible for motor control, is particularly affected.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Akathisia is a type of EPS that occurs with acute use of antipsychotics, characterized by feelings of restlessness and agitation. It is not typically seen with chronic use.
* **Option B:** Dystonia is a type of EPS that occurs with acute use of antipsychotics, characterized by involuntary muscle contractions. It is not typically seen with chronic use.
* **Option D:** Parkinsonism is a type of EPS that occurs with acute use of antipsychotics, characterized by tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. While it can occur with chronic use, it is not the most common type of EPS seen in this context.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to note that tardive dyskinesia can be irreversible, making it crucial to monitor patients on long-term antipsychotic therapy for signs of this condition. Early recognition and treatment can help prevent or mitigate the severity of TD.
**Correct Answer: C. Tardive dyskinesia**