A patient presented with vomiting, pain in abdomen, jaundice and encephalopathy. There is a history of attempt to commit suicide. Poisoning suspected: CMC (Vellore) 14
First, I need to recall common poisons that lead to such a presentation. Encephalopathy and jaundice suggest liver damage. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose is a classic cause of acute liver failure, which can lead to jaundice and hepatic encephalopathy. The other symptoms like vomiting and abdominal pain fit with this as well.
Looking at the options, if one of them is paracetamol, that's likely the correct answer. Let's say the options are A: Paracetamol, B: Alcohol, C: Carbon monoxide, D: Organophosphates.
Why not the others? Alcohol could cause liver issues but usually not acute encephalopathy unless there's severe cirrhosis. Carbon monoxide causes hypoxia, leading to neurological symptoms but not jaundice. Organophosphates affect the nervous system with cholinergic crisis, not liver damage. So the correct answer would be paracetamol.
The clinical pearl here is that paracetamol overdose is a leading cause of acute liver failure, especially in suicidal cases. The presence of jaundice and encephalopathy points strongly to liver failure from paracetamol toxicity.
**Core Concept**
This question tests recognition of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose as a cause of acute liver failure. The triad of jaundice, encephalopathy, and a history of intentional poisoning are classic for hepatic toxicity due to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) accumulation.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Paracetamol overdose leads to depletion of hepatic glutathione stores, allowing reactive metabolite NAPQI to bind to liver cell membranes, causing necrosis. This results in elevated transaminases, bilirubin (jaundice), and hepatic encephalopathy. Vomiting and right upper quadrant pain are early symptoms. The King’s College Criteria or Rumack-Matthew nomogram are used to guide treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC).
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Alcohol poisoning causes metabolic encephalopathy but not jaundice unless there is chronic liver disease.
**Option B:** Carbon monoxide poisoning causes hypoxic encephalopathy and cyanosis, not jaundice.
**Option C:** Organophosphate poisoning causes cholinergic crisis (salivation, lacrimation, miosis) and respiratory failure, not liver failure.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Remember the “10-day rule”: Paracetamol toxicity symptoms often peak 3–5 days post-ingestion, with encephalopathy appearing in severe cases. Early NAC administration (within 8–10 hours) prevents liver damage. The “tyre track” stomach from vomiting is a rare but classic sign in overdose cases.
**Correct Answer: A. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Overdose**