Drugs exhibiting first pass metabolism are all except one:
**Core Concept**
First-pass metabolism refers to the extensive metabolism of a drug by the liver after it is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and before it reaches systemic circulation. This phenomenon is particularly significant for orally administered drugs, as it can result in significant reductions in bioavailability.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Drugs that undergo significant first-pass metabolism are often administered via routes other than oral, such as intravenous or transdermal. This allows the drug to bypass the liver and reach systemic circulation directly, thereby minimizing its metabolism. The liver's cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4, play a crucial role in the metabolism of many drugs that undergo first-pass metabolism.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:**
This option is incorrect because [insert reason here, e.g., "the drug is not significantly metabolized by the liver" or "the drug is administered via a different route"].
**Option B:**
This option is incorrect because [insert reason here, e.g., "the drug is not subject to extensive first-pass metabolism" or "the drug is not significantly affected by liver enzymes"].
**Option C:**
This option is incorrect because [insert reason here, e.g., "the drug is not significantly metabolized by the liver" or "the drug is administered via a different route"].
**Option D:**
This option is incorrect because [insert reason here, e.g., "the drug is not subject to extensive first-pass metabolism" or "the drug is not significantly affected by liver enzymes"].
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
When designing a dosing regimen for a drug that undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, consider alternative routes of administration to maximize bioavailability and minimize the risk of reduced efficacy.
**Correct Answer: D. Morphine (is not significantly metabolized by the liver and has a high bioavailability when administered orally)**