**Core Concept**
Insulin-dependent glucose transport is a vital process by which insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, primarily in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and adipose tissue. This process is crucial for maintaining blood glucose homeostasis and preventing hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. The glucose transporter proteins, particularly GLUT4, play a pivotal role in this process.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Insulin binds to its receptor on the cell surface, triggering a cascade of signaling events that ultimately lead to the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. This results in an increased number of glucose transporters available for glucose uptake, thereby facilitating insulin-dependent glucose transport. The insulin signaling pathway involves the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and other downstream effectors that regulate GLUT4 translocation.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because insulin-independent glucose transport primarily involves GLUT1 and GLUT2 transporters, which are not as responsive to insulin as GLUT4.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect because sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) are involved in glucose transport in the small intestine and kidneys, but not in insulin-dependent glucose transport in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect because amino acid transporters are responsible for the uptake of amino acids, not glucose.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
The insulin signaling pathway is also involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism in the liver, where insulin inhibits glucose production through the inhibition of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis.

**Correct Answer:** C. GLUT4