Okay, let's tackle this question. The patient is a 48-year-old man with a long history of low back pain and previous X-ray showing degenerative disc changes. He's presenting again with similar symptoms. The question is about the next step in management.

First, I need to recall the standard approach to chronic low back pain. Since he already has a history of degenerative disc disease, the initial step would be to assess for red flags—like neurological deficits, incontinence, or unexplained weight loss. But since the question doesn't mention any new neurological symptoms or red flags, the focus is probably on management.

The options aren't given, but common next steps after initial X-rays might include MRI, physical therapy, NSAIDs, or considering surgery. Since X-rays don't show much detail about soft tissues, MRI is often the next step to assess for disc herniation, spinal stenosis, or other soft tissue issues. If there's no improvement with conservative management, then more advanced imaging or interventions are considered.

Wait, the previous X-ray was six years ago. Degenerative changes can progress, but without new symptoms, maybe the approach is different. If the patient is experiencing a flare-up, NSAIDs and physical therapy might be the first line. But if there's no improvement, then MRI to check for new pathology. Also, considering the patient's history, maybe they need a more targeted approach. But without red flags, the next step is likely conservative management unless there's a change in symptoms.

So the correct answer would probably be to start with conservative measures like NSAIDs and physical therapy, and if no improvement, proceed to MRI. Alternatively, if there's suspicion of something more, MRI is next. The key here is that X-rays are not sufficient for soft tissue, so MRI is the next imaging modality if needed.

**Core Concept**
Chronic low back pain with degenerative disc disease is typically managed conservatively unless red flags (e.g., neurological deficits, cauda equina syndrome, unexplained weight loss) are present. Imaging like MRI is indicated if there is progression of symptoms or failure of conservative therapy.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The patient has a known history of degenerative disc disease. X-rays are limited in assessing soft tissues and spinal cord pathology. The next step is to evaluate for new or worsening pathology (e.g., disc herniation, spinal stenosis) using **MRI**, which provides detailed visualization of intervertebral discs, nerve roots, and spinal cord. MRI is also critical to exclude rare but serious conditions like spinal tumors or infections.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Repeating X-ray is insufficient, as it does not assess soft tissue changes or nerve compression.
**Option B:** Prescribing opioids for chronic back pain is contraindicated due to risk of dependence and lack of evidence for long-term efficacy.
**Option C:** Immediate surgical intervention is not indicated without evidence of progressive neurological deficits or failed conservative management.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
**MRI is the gold standard for evaluating degenerative disc disease and spinal pathology in chronic low back pain.** Avoid opioids for routine management; focus on NSAIDs, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications first.

**Correct Answer: C. MRI of the lumbar spine**

✓ Correct Answer: B. X-Ray should not be repeated