SACD (Subacute combined degeneration of cord) is feature of which vitamin deficiency?
**Core Concept**
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord (SACD) is a neurological disorder caused by demyelination of the spinal cord, primarily due to impaired myelin synthesis and maintenance. This process is most commonly linked to vitamin B12 deficiency, as B12 is essential for the synthesis of myelin basic protein and the function of the myelin sheath in oligodendrocytes.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a critical cofactor in the methylation cycle and is required for the synthesis of myelin in the central nervous system. Deficiency leads to impaired remyelination and degeneration of the dorsal and lateral columns of the spinal cord, resulting in sensory ataxia, loss of reflexes, and bilateral sensory loss. The pathophysiology involves reduced methionine synthase activity, leading to accumulation of homocysteine and disruption of myelin production. SACD is thus a hallmark of B12 deficiency, especially in malnourished or elderly patients.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
Option A: Vitamin A deficiency primarily causes night blindness and immune dysfunction, not spinal cord demyelination.
Option B: Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency affects neurotransmitter synthesis (e.g., GABA, serotonin) and is associated with peripheral neuropathy, not SACD.
Option C: Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency leads to megaloblastic anemia and neurological symptoms, but it does not cause SACD; it may mimic B12 deficiency but lacks the characteristic spinal cord demyelination.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
SACD is a classic presentation of vitamin B12 deficiency, with key features including bilateral sensory loss, impaired coordination, and a "stocking-glove" sensory distribution. Always consider B12 deficiency in patients with unexplained neurological deterioration, especially in older adults or those with poor dietary intake.
✓ Correct Answer: D. Vitamin B12