Cutis anserina is seen in:
**Core Concept**
Cutis anserina, also known as goosebumps, is a phenomenon characterized by the elevation of small bumps on the skin, typically on the arms and legs. This occurs due to the contraction of arrector pili muscles, which are smooth muscles that attach to the base of hair follicles.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The arrector pili muscles are innervated by the sympathetic nervous system, specifically through the release of norepinephrine (noradrenaline) from sympathetic nerve endings. When the body experiences cold, stress, or fear, the sympathetic nervous system is activated, causing the arrector pili muscles to contract and pull the hair follicles upright, resulting in the characteristic goosebump appearance. This reflex is a vestigial remnant from our ancestors, who used to experience a similar response to cold temperatures to trap a layer of air next to their skin for warmth.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** This option is incorrect because cutis anserina is not associated with the release of histamine, which is involved in allergic reactions and the production of hives.
* **Option B:** This option is incorrect because while cutis anserina can be seen in individuals with anxiety or stress, it is not a diagnostic criterion for anxiety disorders.
* **Option C:** This option is incorrect because while cold temperatures can trigger cutis anserina, it is not a condition that is exclusive to cold exposure.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
The term "goosebumps" is thought to have originated from the physical resemblance of the skin to the flesh of a goose, which has small bumps on its skin. This phenomenon is often seen in individuals who are experiencing cold temperatures, stress, or fear, and is a reflex that is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system.
**Correct Answer: B. Cold temperatures or stress.**