**Core Concept**
The question tests the knowledge of the anatomical structures of the foot, specifically the location of the plantar surface nerves and their distribution to the toes.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The plantar nerves arise from the posterior tibial nerve and divide into the medial and lateral plantar nerves. The medial plantar nerve primarily supplies the first and second toes, while the lateral plantar nerve supplies the third and fourth toes. The fifth toe is innervated by the lateral plantar nerve and the deep peroneal nerve. The medial cuneiform is located in the midfoot and is innervated by the medial plantar nerve. This nerve also supplies the plantar aspect of the medial cuneiform.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** This option is incorrect because the medial cuneiform is not innervated by the deep peroneal nerve, which primarily supplies the first web space and the dorsal aspect of the first and second toes.
* **Option B:** This option is incorrect because the lateral plantar nerve does not innervate the medial cuneiform, but rather the lateral aspect of the foot, including the third and fourth toes.
* **Option D:** This option is incorrect because the common peroneal nerve is responsible for the innervation of the lateral aspect of the lower leg and the dorsum of the foot, but not the plantar surface of the foot.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
The medial plantar nerve is often injured in plantar fascia ruptures, leading to numbness and pain on the plantar surface of the foot.

**Correct Answer: C. Lateral plantar nerve. The lateral plantar nerve innervates the medial cuneiform on the plantar surface.