**Core Concept**
The corneal endothelium is a single layer of cells lining the posterior surface of the cornea. It plays a crucial role in maintaining corneal deturgescence and transparency by pumping excess fluid out of the cornea.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer refers to the discovery of the corneal endothelium by a renowned anatomist. The corneal endothelium was first described by **Albrecht von Graefe**, a German ophthalmologist, in 1856. Von Graefe's observation laid the foundation for our understanding of corneal physiology and pathophysiology.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect as it does not mention a notable anatomist associated with the discovery of the corneal endothelium.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect as it is not a correct or relevant answer choice.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect as it does not accurately attribute the discovery of the corneal endothelium.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
The corneal endothelium's pumping mechanism is essential for maintaining corneal transparency, and its dysfunction can lead to corneal edema and vision loss.

**Correct Answer: D. Albrecht von Graefe**