A newborn has multiple congenital defects owing to dysgenesis of the neural crest. Which of the following cells is most likely to be spared?
**Core Concept**
The neural crest is a group of cells that arises from the ectoderm during embryonic development, giving rise to various cell types and tissues, including neurons, glial cells, cartilage, and connective tissue. Dysgenesis of the neural crest can lead to multiple congenital defects, such as Hirschsprung's disease, neuroblastoma, and other conditions.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The cells most likely to be spared in neural crest dysgenesis are those derived from the ectodermal placode, which is a distinct group of cells that arises from the ectoderm and is responsible for the development of the inner ear, including the cochlea and the vestibular system. These cells are not directly derived from the neural crest and are therefore less likely to be affected by neural crest dysgenesis.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** Neural crest-derived cells, such as Schwann cells, are likely to be affected in neural crest dysgenesis, leading to conditions such as peripheral neuropathy or neuroblastoma.
**Option B:** Melanocytes, which are derived from the neural crest, are also likely to be affected, leading to conditions such as Waardenburg syndrome.
**Option C:** Neurons and glial cells, which are also derived from the neural crest, are likely to be affected, leading to conditions such as Hirschsprung's disease or neuroblastoma.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Neural crest dysgenesis can lead to a wide range of congenital defects, and identifying the specific cell types affected can help guide diagnosis and management.
**Correct Answer:** D.