**Core Concept**
Medial medullary syndrome is a clinical condition characterized by a specific set of neurological deficits resulting from damage to the medial medulla oblongata, which includes the pyramidal tracts, medial lemniscus, and hypoglossal nerve. This syndrome is often caused by occlusion of the vertebral artery or its branches, leading to ischemia of the medial medulla.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The medial medullary syndrome is classically associated with the presence of the "cape" or "tubular" sign on imaging, which represents the medial medullary pyramidal tract. This sign is visualized on sagittal MRI slices and is caused by the hypointensity of the pyramidal tracts due to the loss of myelin sheath. The medial medullary syndrome presents with a combination of ipsilateral weakness or paralysis of the tongue (hypoglossal nerve involvement), contralateral weakness or paralysis of the arm and leg (pyramidal tract involvement), and loss of proprioception and vibration sense (medial lemniscus involvement).

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option B:** Lateral medullary syndrome, also known as Wallenberg's syndrome, typically presents with symptoms such as dysphagia, hoarseness, and ataxia due to damage to the lateral medulla, including the spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract, and the inferior cerebellar peduncle.

**Option C:** Benedikt syndrome is caused by a lesion in the red nucleus and its connections, and typically presents with a combination of ipsilateral tremor, ataxia, and contralateral hemiparesis.

**Option D:** Millard-Gubler syndrome is due to a lesion in the motor nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve and the corticospinal tract, and presents with ipsilateral weakness of the face and contralateral weakness of the arm and leg.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
A key feature of medial medullary syndrome is the presence of a "cape" or "tubular" sign on MRI, which should be remembered as a distinctive imaging finding in this clinical condition.

✓ Correct Answer: A. Medial medullary syndrome