**Core Concept**
A definitive test that completely excludes the chances of a disease is a type of diagnostic test that has 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value. This means that a negative result on such a test can be used to rule out the disease with absolute certainty.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is a **gold standard test**. A gold standard test is considered the most accurate and reliable test for a particular disease. It is a test that is widely accepted as the definitive test for a condition, and its results are considered absolute proof of the presence or absence of the disease. This type of test is often a direct measurement of the disease process, such as a biopsy or an imaging study that can directly visualize the disease.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** A **screening test** is a preliminary test used to identify individuals who may have a disease. While it can be highly sensitive, it may not be specific, and a negative result does not completely exclude the disease.
* **Option B:** A **predictive value** is a measure of how well a test can predict the presence or absence of a disease. However, it does not guarantee that a negative result will completely exclude the disease.
* **Option C:** A **sensitivity** is a measure of how well a test can detect true positives. While a highly sensitive test can detect most cases of a disease, it may not be able to detect all cases, and a negative result does not completely exclude the disease.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Remember that a gold standard test is often the most expensive and invasive test available, but it provides the highest level of diagnostic certainty.

**Correct Answer: C. A test with 100% sensitivity and negative predictive value.**