**Core Concept**
Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by memory loss, confabulation, and cortical blindness, resulting from thiamine deficiency, often seen in chronic alcoholism.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Korsakoff syndrome is caused by the damage to the brain's medial temporal lobe and diencephalon, particularly the mammillary bodies, leading to impaired memory formation and recall. The thiamine deficiency affects the NAD+ dependent enzyme transketolase, which is essential for glucose metabolism in the brain. This results in neuronal damage and the characteristic symptoms of Korsakoff syndrome. Cortical blindness is a result of the damage to the visual cortex.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because Wernicke's encephalopathy, a related condition, presents with altered mental status, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia, but not cortical blindness with confabulation.

**Option B:** This option is incorrect because Alzheimer's disease is characterized by progressive dementia, memory loss, and cognitive decline, but not cortical blindness or confabulation.

**Option C:** This option is incorrect because Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) presents with gait disturbance, urinary incontinence, and dementia, but not cortical blindness with confabulation.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Korsakoff syndrome is a classic example of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a condition that highlights the importance of early recognition and treatment of thiamine deficiency in chronic alcoholics to prevent irreversible brain damage.

**Correct Answer:** Korsakoff syndrome.