**Core Concept**
Familial polyposis colon, also known as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP), is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of numerous adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum. FAP is an autosomal dominant condition, meaning a single copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause the disease.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
FAP is caused by mutations in the APC gene, which is a tumor suppressor gene. The APC gene plays a crucial role in regulating cell growth and division by preventing uncontrolled cell proliferation. Mutations in the APC gene lead to the accumulation of beta-catenin, a protein that promotes cell proliferation and survival. This results in the formation of adenomatous polyps, which have the potential to develop into colorectal cancer.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Chromosome 13 is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1), a different genetic disorder.
* **Option B:** Chromosome 17 is associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), a genetic disorder characterized by the development of neurofibromas and other tumors.
* **Option C:** Chromosome 22 is associated with neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2), a genetic disorder characterized by the development of schwannomas and other tumors.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
FAP is a classic example of a "two-hit" hypothesis, where a mutation in one allele of the APC gene is sufficient to cause the disease, but the second allele must be inactivated through a separate event, such as a somatic mutation, to result in cancer.

**Correct Answer:** D. Chromosome 5.