A newborn has hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, and anemia. For the mentioned clinical scenario, select the most likely diagnosis
**Core Concept**
Toxoplasmosis is a congenital infection caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can lead to severe outcomes in newborns, including hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, and anemia. This condition occurs when a pregnant woman acquires T. gondii infection for the first time during pregnancy.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Toxoplasmosis is the most likely diagnosis in this scenario due to the combination of hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, and intracranial calcifications. Chorioretinitis is a hallmark of congenital toxoplasmosis, occurring in approximately 80% of affected infants. Hydrocephalus and intracranial calcifications are also common manifestations, resulting from the parasite's invasion of the central nervous system. Anemia in the newborn may be secondary to the chronic infection.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option B:** Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection can also cause congenital hydrocephalus, chorioretinitis, and intracranial calcifications, but it typically presents with microcephaly and hepatosplenomegaly.
* **Option C:** Rubella congenital infection is characterized by a different set of findings, including deafness, cataracts, and cardiac defects, rather than the specific combination seen in this case.
* **Option D:** Syphilis congenital infection presents with a different set of findings, including rhinitis, hepatosplenomegaly, and a "snuffles" rash, rather than the specific combination seen in this case.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Toxoplasmosis is a leading cause of congenital infection and can be prevented by avoiding undercooked meat and unwashed produce, as well as by proper handling of cat litter. Pregnant women should also avoid contact with cat feces.
**Correct Answer:** A. Toxoplasmosis