**Core Concept**
The lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere receives a significant portion of the brain's blood supply from a primary artery. Understanding the vascular anatomy of the brain is essential for diagnosing and managing various neurological conditions.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The chief artery of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere is the Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA). It originates from the Internal Carotid Artery and is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to a large area of the brain, including the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere. The MCA divides into several secondary branches that supply different regions of the brain, including the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) primarily supplies the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere, not the lateral surface.
**Option B:** The Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) supplies the occipital lobe and parts of the temporal lobe, but not the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.
**Option C:** The Basilar Artery is a key artery that supplies the brainstem and the posterior circulation of the brain, but it is not the chief artery of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
The MCA is a common site for occlusion in ischemic strokes, which can result in hemiparesis, aphasia, and other neurological deficits. Recognizing the vascular anatomy of the brain is crucial for diagnosing and managing stroke patients.

**Correct Answer:** C. Middle Cerebral Artery.