**Core Concept**
Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a condition of rapid onset inflammation in the lungs, leading to impaired gas exchange and potentially severe respiratory failure. It is characterized by non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema, increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
ALI is characterized by increased permeability of the alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to edema and impaired gas exchange. This is due to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, which induce the expression of adhesion molecules and increase vascular permeability. Additionally, ALI is characterized by the presence of hyaline membranes, atelectasis, and diffuse alveolar damage.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:**
This option might be incorrect if it suggests that ALI is characterized by a lack of inflammation, which is not true. However, without more information, it is difficult to say for certain.

**Option B:**
This option is incorrect because hyaline membranes are a characteristic feature of ALI, not a lack thereof.

**Option C:**
This option is incorrect because diffuse alveolar damage is a hallmark of ALI, not its absence.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
ALI can progress to Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) if not treated promptly, characterized by severe hypoxemia and high mortality rates. Early recognition and management of ALI are crucial to prevent progression to ARDS.

**Correct Answer: B.**