**Core Concept**
Goodpasture's syndrome is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibodies. These antibodies target the glomerular basement membrane in the kidneys and the pulmonary alveolar basement membrane in the lungs, leading to inflammation and damage in these areas.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The anti-GBM antibodies in Goodpasture's syndrome cause the immune system to attack the glomerular and pulmonary basement membranes, leading to the formation of immune complexes and activation of the complement system. This results in the release of various inflammatory mediators, such as C3a and C5a, which further exacerbate the inflammation. The glomerular damage leads to hematuria, proteinuria, and renal failure, while the pulmonary damage leads to hemorrhage and respiratory failure.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect because Goodpasture's syndrome is not primarily characterized by the presence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), which are associated with other types of vasculitis.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect because Goodpasture's syndrome is not primarily characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor, which is associated with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect because Goodpasture's syndrome is not primarily characterized by the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies, which are associated with antiphospholipid syndrome.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Goodpasture's syndrome is often associated with a strong family history of the disease, and genetic studies have identified several genetic variants that predispose individuals to this condition. It is essential to consider Goodpasture's syndrome in the differential diagnosis of patients with hematuria, proteinuria, and pulmonary hemorrhage.

**Correct Answer: C.