Causes of soft S1 include
Correct Answer: All the above
Description: Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1447 S1 becomes softer in the later stages of MS when the leaflets are rigid and calcified, after exposure to b-adrenergic receptor blockers, with long PR intervals, and with left ventricular contractile dysfunc- tion. The intensity of hea sounds, however, can be reduced by any process that increases the distance between the stethoscope and the responsible cardiac event, including mechanical ventilation, obstruc- tive lung disease, obesity, pneumothorax, and a pericardial effusion.
Category:
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