Burkitt’s lymphoma is associated with (Repeat) –
**Core Concept**
Burkitt's lymphoma is a rare and aggressive type of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by a high proliferation rate and a distinctive chromosomal translocation. This malignancy is primarily affecting children and young adults.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is a known risk factor for Burkitt's lymphoma. EBV infection leads to the activation of the c-myc gene through a chromosomal translocation, resulting in uncontrolled cell proliferation and tumor formation. This translocation typically involves the long arm of chromosome 8 (t(8;14)) and the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus on chromosome 14. The EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 2 (EBNA2) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Burkitt's lymphoma by promoting the transcription of viral and host genes.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** This option is incorrect as Burkitt's lymphoma is not primarily associated with human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1), which is more commonly linked to adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma.
**Option B:** This option is incorrect as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not a primary risk factor for Burkitt's lymphoma, although it can increase the risk of various cancers, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
**Option C:** This option is incorrect as Helicobacter pylori infection is not a known risk factor for Burkitt's lymphoma, although it has been linked to other types of cancer, such as gastric cancer.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Burkitt's lymphoma is characterized by a rapid growth rate and a high mortality rate if left untreated. Early diagnosis and aggressive chemotherapy are essential for achieving a cure.
**Correct Answer: D. Epstein-Barr virus.