**Core Concept**
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts in the kidneys, leading to kidney enlargement and potential kidney failure. This condition is caused by mutations in either the PKD1 or PKD2 gene, which encode for polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 proteins, respectively.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
ADPKD is indeed an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning that a single copy of the mutated gene is sufficient to cause the condition. The disease is characterized by the formation of numerous cysts in the kidneys, which are fluid-filled sacs that can grow and cause kidney damage over time. The cysts are thought to form due to the abnormal functioning of polycystin-1 and polycystin-2 proteins, which are involved in cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
**Option A:** ADPKD is not primarily caused by environmental factors. While factors such as hypertension and dietary habits may exacerbate the condition, the underlying cause is genetic.
**Option B:** ADPKD is not typically associated with the formation of cysts in other organs, such as the liver. While liver cysts can occur in some cases, they are not a primary feature of the disease.

**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
ADPKD is the most common cause of adult-onset kidney failure in the United States, and patients with the condition are at increased risk of developing hypertension, kidney stones, and intracranial aneurysms.

**Correct Answer: C.**