All the following reflexes are present at bih except _______
## Core Concept
The question assesses the knowledge of neonatal reflexes present at birth. Neonatal reflexes are automatic responses to specific stimuli that are typically present in newborns and may fade as the infant develops. These reflexes are crucial for assessing the neurological integrity of a newborn.
## Why the Correct Answer is Right
The **Moro reflex** (also known as the startle reflex) is one of the neonatal reflexes that is present at birth. The **rooting reflex** and **sucking reflex** are also present and help in feeding. The **plantar grasp reflex** is another reflex that is typically present at birth. However, the **Babinski reflex**, which involves stroking the sole of the foot and observing for toe extension (a normal finding in infants), is not specifically listed, but among the given options, **asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)**, while indeed present, **symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)** and **parachute reflex** are not typically used to describe reflexes present immediately at birth in the same context as the others listed. The parachute reflex, which is a postural reflex that helps in protecting the head and is elicited when the infant is held upside down or prone and moved forward, usually develops later.
## Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect
- **Option A:** This option cannot be evaluated without specific reflex identification.
- **Option B:** Similarly, this option requires specific identification but generally refers to reflexes that could be present.
- **Option C:** This option also requires specific identification.
## Why D is Correct
- **Option D: Parachute reflex** is not present at birth but develops later, usually around 6-9 months of age. It is a protective reflex.
## Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact
A key clinical pearl is that the **parachute reflex** is crucial for assessing neurological development and usually appears by 6 months. Its absence beyond this age can indicate a neurological issue.
**Correct Answer: D. Parachute reflex**