All of the following may occur in Noonan’s syndrome, EXCEPT:
**Core Concept**
Noonan's syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, short stature, heart defects, and various other physical abnormalities. It is caused by mutations in genes involved in the RAS-MAPK signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in cell growth, differentiation, and survival.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
Noonan's syndrome is associated with an increased risk of bleeding due to platelet dysfunction, heart defects such as pulmonary valve stenosis, and a characteristic facial appearance. The RAS-MAPK pathway is also involved in the development of various cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma. The syndrome is often diagnosed in childhood, and affected individuals may experience a range of symptoms, including short stature, webbed neck, and cognitive impairment.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** This option is incorrect because while individuals with Noonan's syndrome may have a range of physical abnormalities, including short stature and a distinctive facial appearance, they are not typically characterized by a "webbed neck" (which is more commonly associated with Turner syndrome).
* **Option B:** This option is incorrect because while individuals with Noonan's syndrome may experience bleeding complications due to platelet dysfunction, they are not typically characterized by "easy bruising" (which is more commonly associated with von Willebrand disease).
* **Option C:** This option is incorrect because while individuals with Noonan's syndrome may experience cognitive impairment, they are not typically characterized by "seizure disorders" (which are more commonly associated with other genetic syndromes, such as tuberous sclerosis).
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
Individuals with Noonan's syndrome are at increased risk of developing various cancers, including leukemia and lymphoma, particularly in adolescence and young adulthood. Regular cancer screening and surveillance are essential for affected individuals.
**Correct Answer:**
C. Seizure disorders.