All of the following cause panuveitis except ?
**Core Concept**
Panuveitis refers to inflammation of all layers of the uvea, including the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. This condition can result from various causes, such as infections, autoimmune disorders, and trauma.
**Why the Correct Answer is Right**
To answer this question, we need to consider the etiologies of panuveitis. Panuveitis is commonly caused by intraocular infections like toxoplasmosis, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus. It can also be caused by systemic autoimmune diseases like sarcoidosis and Behçet's disease. In contrast, certain conditions like anterior uveitis primarily affect the anterior segment of the eye and do not typically cause panuveitis.
**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
* **Option A:** Toxoplasmosis is a well-known cause of panuveitis, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. It can cause necrotizing retinitis and subsequent panuveitis.
* **Option B:** Syphilis can cause panuveitis, particularly in its secondary and tertiary stages. It can lead to inflammation of the uveal tract and subsequent damage to the retina and optic nerve.
* **Option D:** Herpes simplex virus can cause panuveitis, especially in the form of herpetic retinitis. It can lead to necrotizing retinitis and subsequent panuveitis.
**Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
It's essential to remember that panuveitis can be a feature of various systemic diseases, including autoimmune disorders and infections. A thorough history and physical examination are crucial in identifying the underlying cause of panuveitis.
**Correct Answer: D. Herpes simplex is more commonly associated with anterior uveitis, not panuveitis.**