**Question:** All are causes of Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) except

A. Hypertensive disorders
B. Infection
C. Ectopic pregnancy
D. Delivery-related causes

**Core Concept:** Antepartum hemorrhage (APH) refers to bleeding during pregnancy, which is an important clinical entity as it can lead to maternal morbidity and mortality. The causes can be broadly categorized into maternal, fetal, or placental.

**Why the Correct Answer is Right:** D. Delivery-related causes are not considered antepartum hemorrhage because they occur after the onset of labor and delivery. Examples include postpartum hemorrhage, placental abruption, and uterine atony.

**Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect:**

A. Hypertensive disorders (preeclampsia/eclampsia) are a cause of postpartum hemorrhage, not antepartum hemorrhage. It occurs when maternal hypertension and proteinuria develop after 20 weeks of gestation.

B. Infection (e.g., chorioamnionitis) can lead to preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), which are antepartum hemorrhage-related conditions. However, the question specifically excludes infection as a cause for APH.

C. Ectopic pregnancy is a cause of postpartum hemorrhage, not antepartum hemorrhage. Ectopic pregnancy occurs when the fertilized ovum implants outside the uterine cavity, resulting in non-functional pregnancy and potential life-threatening hemorrhage.

5. Clinical Pearl:
A thorough understanding of antepartum hemorrhage causes is essential for early detection, management, and referral of such cases. Prompt intervention is crucial to prevent maternal morbidity and mortality.

**Correct Answer:** C. Ectopic pregnancy