Phase of cardiac action potential, where calcium channels close & slow potassium channels open :
## **Core Concept**
The cardiac action potential is divided into five phases (0 to 4), each characterized by specific changes in ion channel activity, leading to depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocyte membrane. The phases are crucial for coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart.
## **Why the Correct Answer is Right**
The correct answer, Phase 3, is the repolarization phase where the membrane potential moves back towards the resting potential. During Phase 3, **calcium channels (L-type)** that were open during Phase 2 (plateau phase) start to close. At the same time, **slow potassium channels** (also known as delayed rectifier potassium channels) open, allowing potassium ions to leave the cell, which contributes to repolarization. This phase is critical for returning the cardiac myocyte to a state where it can be excited again.
## **Why Each Wrong Option is Incorrect**
- **Option A (Phase 1):** This is an early repolarization phase where there's a brief, initial repolarization due to closure of sodium channels, but it's not primarily associated with calcium channel closure and slow potassium channel opening.
- **Option B (Phase 2):** Known as the plateau phase, it's where calcium channels are open, and there's minimal net change in membrane potential. This phase precedes the events described in the question.
- **Option D (Phase 4):** This is the resting phase or diastolic depolarization phase in pacemaker cells, not directly related to the described changes in calcium and potassium channels during the action potential phases common to all cardiac myocytes.
## **Clinical Pearl / High-Yield Fact**
A key point to remember is that abnormalities in these phases, particularly in the functioning of ion channels, can lead to **arrhythmias**. For example, conditions like long QT syndrome involve alterations in potassium and calcium channel function, leading to prolonged repolarization.
## **Correct Answer: C. Phase 3.**