Although b-thalassemia minor and iron deficiency anemia are both characterized by hypochromic and microcytic RBCs, there is no increase in hemoglobin A2 in iron deficiency states. A normal serum ferritin level also excludes iron deficiency. In contrast to b-thalassemia major, there is usually mild anemia without major organ dysfunction with b-thalassemia minor. Diseases that produce hemolysis and increase erythropoiesis (e.g., autoimmune hemolytic anemia, malaria) do not alter the composition of b-globin chain production. Anemia of chronic disease may mimic iron deficiency and thalassemia minor with respect to hypochromia and microcytosis; however, anemia of chronic disease is associated with an increase in the serum concentration of ferritin.