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14095 Pathology

For the past week, a 65-year-old woman has been treated for a severe infection with broad-spectrum antibiotics, and she had recovered well. Over the past day, however, she has developed foul-smelling, voluminous, greenish, watery diarrhea, as well as abdominal pain and fever. She is diagnosed with pseudomembranous colitis. Which of the following is the mechanism associated with this condition?

AAggregation of bacterial colonies on the lumen, forming pseudomembranes
BBacterial release of exotoxin, inducing necrosis of the mucosa
CPhysical invasion of bacteria into the superficial mucosa, leading to pseudomembrane formation
DSelective killing of C. difficile bacteria by antibiotics
Pathology
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14103 Pathology

A 40-year-old man experiences weakness and easy fatigability of 2 months’ duration. Physical examination yields no remarkable findings. Laboratory studies show a serum calcium of 11.5 mg/dL, inorganic phosphorus of 2.1 mg/dL, and serum parathyroid hormone of 58 pg/mL, which is near the top of the reference range. A radionuclide bone scan fails to show any areas of increased uptake. What is the most likely cause of these findings?

AChronic renal failure
BHypervitaminosis D
CMedullary thyroid carcinoma
DParathyroid adenoma
Pathology
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