Earliest evidence of clubbing is:
Correct Answer: Softening of nail bed
Description: Ans. C. Softening of nail bedThe selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segments of the fingers and toes due to proliferation of connective tissue, particularly on the dorsal surface, is termed clubbing; there is also increased sponginess of the soft tissue at the base of the clubbed nail. Clubbing may be hereditary, idiopathic, or acquired and associated with a variety of disorders, including cyanotic congenital heart disease, infective endocarditis, and a variety of pulmonary conditions (among them primary and metastatic lung cancer, bronchiectasis, asbestosis, sarcoidosis, lung abscess, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, and mesothelioma), as well as with some gastrointestinal disease (including inflammatory bowel disease and hepatic cirrhosis). In some instances, it is occupational, e.g., in jackhammer operationsClubbing in patients with primary and metastatic lung cancer, mesothelioma, bronchiectasis, or hepatic cirrhosis may be associated with hypertrophic osteoarthropathy. In this condition, the subperiosteal formation of new bone in the distal diaphyses of the long bones of the extremities causes pain and symmetric arthritis-like changes in the shoulders, knees, ankles, wrists and elbows. The diagnosis of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy may be confirmed by bone radiograph or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Although the mechanism of clubbing in unclear, it appears to be secondary to humoral substances that causes dilation of the vessels of the distal digits as well as growth factors released from platelet precursors in the digital circulation. In certain circumstances, clubbing is reversible, such as following lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis
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